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The Grammar Factor – hyphens, plurals of distances and areas

Posted on April 3, 2013 by frances

Hyphens

Many people regard hyphens as unattractive punctuation marks. One communications manager I worked with called them ‘bird poop on a page’.

I think hyphens are useful to indicate that two or more words are acting as a single concept to describe the following noun (full-time worker).

Occasionally, a hyphen adds clarity. Compare:

  • Three monthly reports
  • Three-monthly reports (quarterly reports would avoid the hyphen)

This usage is fairly straightforward, but difficulties with hyphen usage arise because hyphens are also used to indicate words merging together. Some drop out over time (web site, web-site, website), but during this process, you see hyphenated words alongside a single word for a while.

Examples
Semicolon is now one word, even though some style guides still recommend a hyphen (semi-colon).

Email is usually one word, but e-mail still lurks.

Some attempts to merge words just don’t stick. The US uses percent, but Australia and New Zealand still write per cent.

I write more about hyphens in my grammar blog at http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/category/blog/

If you want to learn more about punctuation, why not do my online program, An A to Z of Punctuation?

Readers’ questions

Plurals of distances and areas

Question: One thing confusing me at the moment is the treatment of areas and distances as plural or singular. For example:

In 2012, 10 ha of habitat was/were identified as good for animals.
In 2012, 2 km of road was/were built.

Answer: I am not surprised you’re confused because there does not appear to be universal agreement about this topic. Plural abbreviations of area, distance, money and time often take a singular verb, but it depends on whether you regard the units as collectives (groups) or separate items.

In the examples you gave, I would probably treat them as collectives and so use a singular verb.

In 2012, 10 ha of habitat was identified as good for animals. (one block)
In 2012, 2 km of road was built. (one stretch)

But if I didn’t want to treat them as collectives, I would use the plural. For example:

In 2012, 10 ha of habitat were identified as good for animals, 2 ha by the waterfall and 8 ha in the forest.
In 2012, 2 km of road were built, 1 km leading to the reserve and 1 km to the waterfall.

Full stops and quotation marks
A reader asked about full stops and quotation marks. I have covered this topic before, so you can read about it at http://bit.ly/Z9EMiZ

Resources

Free e-books

Write Like a Pro, by Dr Marcia Riley. Comprehensive and practical, this e-book is based on years of training experience.
http://bookboon.com/en/textbooks/career-job-search/write-like-a-pro

A Handbook for Writers in the U.S. Federal Government, by Richard Lauchman. Clear and easy to read, this e-book is suitable for anyone, not just government writers.
http://www.lauchmangroup.com/PDFfiles/PLHandbook.PDF

Legalese
If you enjoy clever legalese, then the Gettysburg address written in legalese is for you.
http://briefright.com/full-gettysburg-address-in-legalese/

How to write good
A reader sent me some ‘how to write good’ tips, which are on Facebook at http://on.fb.me/YeY8kt. The original tips were written by Frank L. Visco and published in the June 1986 issue of Writers’ Digest.

  1. Avoid Alliteration. Always.
  2. Prepositions are not words to end sentences with.
  3. Avoid clichés like the plague. (They’re old hat.)
  4. Employ  the vernacular.
  5. Eschew  ampersands & abbreviations, etc.
  6. Parenthetical  remarks (however relevant) are unnecessary.
  7. It is wrong to ever split an infinitive.
  8. Contractions aren’t necessary.
  9. Foreign words and phrases are not apropos.
  10. One should never generalise.
  11. Eliminate quotations. As Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, ‘I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.’

Linguistic standards of presidential addresses
How reliable are Flesch-Kincaid readability tests? Based on readability tests, the linguistic standard of presidential addresses has declined.
http://bit.ly/YSM0WP

Blogs

My recent blogs cover:

  • The changing role of exclamation marks (inspired by your feedback!): http://www.onlinewritingtraining.com.au/blog.php
  • Tell a story in a decision-making paper: http://www.writetogovern.com.au/category/blog

I discovered a blog on writing by Neal Whitman: http://literalminded.wordpress.com

Pet peeve for the month

Trainings
Listening to a webinar, the word trainings was used in a slide and orally. Has that plural crept into the language? I’ve got used to learnings, but am not sure about trainings.

Quote of the month

‘One must regard the hyphen as a blemish to be avoided whenever possible.’
Winston Churchill

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Exclamation marks, ranges, oral vs verbal

Posted on February 19, 2013 by frances

Exclamation marks

When I was rewriting my online programs and e-books over Christmas, I wrote that an exclamation mark in an email could sometimes soften the tone and make the message less aggressive. My editor strongly disagreed with me, sending me an email laden with exclamation marks to make her point.

I removed the offending paragraph, but I still maintain that, although exclamation marks have no place in formal business writing, they are often useful in emails. I admit to using them quite frequently.

My editor is not the only one who dislikes exclamation marks. The style editor of The Economist has decreed that its journalists should no longer include exclamation marks with a company’s brand name (e.g. Yum! and Yahoo! will be plain Yum and Yahoo).
http://econ.st/WDBgvo

What are your views on exclamation marks? Email mary@themfactor.com.au

Reader’s question

Oral or verbal

Question: Which is better – an oral report or a verbal report?

Answer: You can use either oral or verbal. I prefer oral, but it is just a preference. The reason for my preference is that verbal is an ambiguous word. Although verbal means spoken, it also means anything put into words, whether written or spoken. But that is nitpicking, because using verbal to refer to spoken reports is common and probably gaining in popularity.

What’s your preference? Email mary@themfactor.com.au

France says ‘non’ to hashtags

France is fighting a losing battle to keep its language pure (as it has been doing for many years). The Ministry of Culture has decreed that hashtags should be referred to as ‘mots-diese’.

Other changes France has tried to impose are:

  • 2003:      email was called ‘courriel’ – the word stuck in Quebec and Belgium, but      not France
  • 2005:      blogs were dubbed ‘bloc-notes’
  • 2006:      podcasting was called ‘diffusion pour baladeur’
  • 2010:      cloud computing was named ‘informatique en nuage’

‘Le news dans mon email ce weekend – c’est cool, yes?’

The Sun-Herald, 3 February 2012. http://bit.ly/XcsmnQ

Pet peeve and a typo

Typos spotted by a reader this month
‘Some waking pattern is repeating itself, resulting in a viscous cycle.’

Ranges that go nowhere
A pet peeve of mine is writers starting a list with ‘range from…’ or ‘ranging from…’ and forgetting the ‘to…’

  • The      articles range from new research, synopses of presentations, news roundups      and commentary on current issues.
  • The      articles range      from new research, synopses of presentation and news roundups to commentary      on current issues.

Many sentences read better with ‘including’ or ‘include’ because the items in the list are often a false range. In a blog, John E. McIntyre gives this example:

‘Millions of copies of self-help books, by writers ranging from the Dalai Lama to M. Scott Peck, have been purchased by readers seeking road maps to happiness.’

He asks what is the continuum on which one can place the Dalai Lama and M. Scott Peck and states that to ‘have a range requires a set of objects, persons, topics or attributes within a limited set’.

Read his blog on the false range at:http://bsun.md/VwMGUX

Resources

Conveying information in a visual form
Graphs and tables can contextualise information and tease out unseen patterns and connections. Watch a TED talk by journalist David McCandless on the power of visualising data.
http://bit.ly/UvWqgw

The rise of she
Between 1900 and 1945, 3.5 male pronouns appeared for every female pronoun (she, her, herself, hers). The ratio had shrunk to less than 2:1 by 2005.

What we can read into these stats?
http://bit.ly/WQusrf

My blogs this month
This month I wrote about my favourite authors on grammar and writing:
Authors on grammar:http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/category/blog/
Authors on writing: http://www.onlinewritingtraining.com.au/blog.php

Words of 2012

Macquarie Dictionary’s Word of the Year Committee chose phantom vibration syndrome as 2012’s word of the year. The committee recommended it be abbreviated to PVS.

I had never heard this phrase, though when I read the definition, I recognised the syndrome. In case you’re also in the dark, it means ‘a syndrome characterised by constant anxiety in relation to one’s mobile phone and an obsessional conviction that the phone has vibrated in response to an incoming call when in fact it hasn’t’.

Honourable mentions were also given to:

  • Crowdfunding (small donations canvassed through social media)
  • Technomite (young child adept at using digital media)
  • Marngrook (type of football played by Aboriginal people of south-eastern      Australia before European settlement)
  • First      World problem (problem related to affluent      lifestyles)

The People’s Choice Award went to First World problem.

Quotes of the month

‘An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.’
F. Scott Fitzgerald

Seinfeld
Elaine: I was just curious why you didn’t use an exclamation point?
Jake: What are you talking about?
Elaine: See, right here you wrote ‘Myra had the baby’, but you didn’t use an exclamation point. I mean if one of your close friends had a baby and I left you a message about it, I would use an exclamation point.
Jake: Well, maybe I don’t use my exclamation points as haphazardly as you do.
(‘The Sniffing Accountant’, 1993)

Comments (0)

The Grammar Factor – who and that, typos, grammar jargon

Posted on January 27, 2013 by frances

Who and that
I have always thought that we should use who for people and that for things. I knew there were exceptions, such as if you were talking about a group of people.

Tradespeople that don’t turn up on time are infuriating.

But doing some further research, I had my golden rule busted. Apparently, many writers have been using who and that interchangeably since Chaucer’s days.

The American Heritage Dictionary says:

‘There is a widespread belief, sometimes taught as correct usage, that only who and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause identifying a person. But that has been used in this way for centuries, going back to the Old English period, and has been used by the finest writers in English, as in “The man that once did sell the lion’s skin / While the beast liv’d, was kill’d with hunting him” (Shakespeare) and “Scatter thou the people that delight in war” (King James Bible). In contemporary usage, who predominates in such contexts, but that is used with sufficient frequency to be considered standard, as in “The atoms in a diamond … outnumber all the people that have ever lived or ever will”(Richard Dawkins). That also occurs idiomatically in reference to groups (where who would sound peculiar), as in “[She] had two sons, and settled into raising a family that soon included twin daughters” (David Freeman).’
http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?id=T5157300

Which and that
At the end of last year, a reader asked about the difference between which and that. I cover this question at: http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/which-and-that/

Grammar jargon
I read an article recently about sentence adverbs and before I read the article, I had to stop and think what made a sentence adverb different from any other adverb (you can read the article at http://bit.ly/W9Zhed).

By the way, sentence adverbs are words such as happily, admittedly, certainly, arguably that modify the whole sentence, not just a word or phrase.

Fortunately, no one was injured.

If you’d like to refresh your memory about grammar jargon, I cover a few terms in my blog: http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/category/blog

The online Oxford Dictionary has a good jargon buster site: http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/jargon-buster

MOOCs
Have you come across MOOCs? The acronym stands for massive open online courses. And they are free. There are currently three major organisations offering quality MOOCs: Coursera.org, EdX.org and Udacity.com.

Some of the MOOCs on writing are discussed in an InkSpot blog: http://bit.ly/T7IfPh

My online programs
Over the Christmas break, I reviewed my online programs. If you are currently doing one of my online programs, I suggest you download the e-books again.

You can read more about my programs at www.onlinewritingtraining.com.au – the discount for ESL grammar (English as a second language) is still available until the end of the month.

Typos
A reader came across this amusing typo:

A Sydney community centre has two signs at the front door offering help with LITERACY and NUMEROUSY.

The above sign should have been fixed; however, we all make typos when we become too close to our work. I was delighted when Sam Leader, former editor of Flying Solo, Australia’s micro business community magazine, and one of its three directors, allowed me to use her article on my blog: http://bit.ly/10L952L

Need a hand with your communications?
Karina Randall can help. She is a senior communications practitioner with a wealth of experience in writing, proof reading and editing.

Over the past 20 years, she has developed strategy, written, edited and promoted a variety of communications, media and thought leadership programs for companies such as Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, the Royal Agricultural Society of NSW and Jones Lang LaSalle.  She has also worked on some of the most high profile media and corporate affairs issues in Australia.

Feel free to touch base with her on LinkedIn, email (karina.randall@hotmail.com.au) or telephone (0414) 823 712.

Most annoying words of 2012
What words annoyed you most last year?

For the last four years, Marist Poll has surveyed people to find out what words annoy them. Once again, ‘whatever’ topped the list, but this year for the first time, ‘twitterverse’ made it to the top five.

The other three in the top five were: ‘like’, ‘you know’, ‘just saying’.
http://bit.ly/V0JafI

Quote of the month
‘Revision is one of the exquisite pleasures of writing.’
Bernard Malamud, American author

(Having just reviewed my online grammar programs, I am not sure I agree!)

 

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